Glossary

ANZSIC is a taxonomy that organises companies into industrial groupings based on similar production processes, similar products or similar behaviour in financial markets. The groupings are arranged into 19 broad industry divisions and 96 industry subdivisions. Two more detailed levels are called groups and classes. ANZSIC class codes are four-digit numbers. This report currently uses the 2006 edition of ANZSIC.

This is a set of three related classifications: type of activity (ToA), fields of research (FoR) and socioeconomic objective (SEO). These classifications have been developed for use in the measurement and analysis of research and experimental development. In New Zealand, ANZSRC is used by government, funding agencies such as the Royal Society Te Apārangi, Crown research institutes, universities and independent research organisations. It allows the comparison of research and development data between sectors of the economy. This report currently uses the 2008 edition of the ANZSRC. See more information.

The cost of R&D performed within a business, regardless of the source of funding.

This survey collects performance measures from New Zealand businesses to better understand the practices and behaviours that may affect their performance. The 2019 survey included questions on business operations, innovation and international engagement. The survey covers businesses with six or more employees. See more information.

CoREs are inter-institutional research networks, where researchers work together on commonly agreed work programmes. They support growth in research excellence and contribute to New Zealand’s development of world class researchers. See more information.

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'Co' stands for corona, 'vi' for virus and 'd' for disease. This disease was formerly referred to as 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV.

CRIs are Crown-owned companies that carry out scientific research for the benefit of New Zealand. They include AgResearch, the Institute of Environmental Science and Research, NIWA, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Plant & Food Research, GNS Science and Scion.

An outflow of money from one entity to pay for goods and services. In this report the term is used to capture the amount of money attributed to research and development conducted in a given sector. It does not necessarily mean the actual amount spent on research and development.

Money provided for a particular purpose, especially by one entity to another.

FCR is a citation-based measure of the scientific influence of one or more articles. It is calculated by dividing the number of citations a paper received by the average number received by documents published in the same year in the same fields of research (FoR) category. The FCR is calculated for all publications that are more than 2 years old and were published in 2000 or later. Values are centred around 1.0, so a publication with an FCR of 1.0 received exactly the same number of citations as the average, and a publication with an FCR of 2.0 received twice as many citations as the average. See more information.

As defined by the OECD, GBARD includes all spending allocations met from sources of government revenue foreseen within the budget, such as taxation. Spending allocations by extra-budgetary government entities are only within the scope to the extent that their funds are allocated through the budgetary process. Likewise, R&D financing by public corporations is outside the scope of GBARD statistics, as it is based on funds raised within the market and outside the budgetary process. Only in the exceptional case of budgetary provisions for R&D to be carried out or distributed from public corporations would this be counted as part of GBARD. See more in the OECD Frascati Manual 2015.

GDP is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

GERD is the total R&D expenditure within a country ie the sum of BERD, HERD and GovERD.

GOVERD is the cost of R&D performed within government regardless of the source of funding.

HERD is the cost of R&D performed within higher education institutes, regardless of the source of funding.

Impacts are changes in socioeconomic outcomes that are attributable to science and innovation activity.

Innovation is the introduction of new or significantly improved goods, services, processes or marketing methods.

The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.

NCEA is New Zealand's national qualification for senior secondary school students. See more information.

OECD-Total is an indicator for a given variable that is calculated using a weighted average of the values from OECD member countries. See more information.

The OECD is an international economic organisation. Its 37 member countries represent about 80 per cent of world trade and investment. See more information.

RCA is the proportion of country-specific publications in one field divided by the proportion of publications in the same field globally. RCA values provide a measure of how specialised a country is in a given field of research.

R&D is creative and systemic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humankind, culture and society, and devise new applications of available knowledge.

This survey measures the level of research and development activity, employment and expenditure across all sectors of the New Zealand economy. In 2019 the survey was conducted for the business sector only. The government and higher education sectors are surveyed every 2 years and were included in the 2020 survey. The R&D survey has been collected by Stats NZ since 2006. See more information.

These terms refer to individual, published, research documents rather than the journals in which they appear. Research publications are a subset of total scholarly output, which also includes articles, conference papers and reviews.

The RDTI operates as a tax credit, rewarding businesses and individuals for performing R&D activities. See more information.

A segment of the economy where a number of entities perform similar roles. For the purpose of this report, entities are grouped to fit in business, higher education or government sectors. This grouping is based on definitions defined for international reporting in the Frascati Manual. These definitions deal primarily with the measurement of expenditure, funding and personnel resources devoted to R&D in different sectors.

SAE are countries in the Small Advanced Economy Initiative, namely Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore and Switzerland. These seven countries have economies of a similar size (according to the International Monetary Fund) and populations of 5–10 million.

STEM is a broad term used to group these academic disciplines in fields of research or skills. It is typically used when addressing education policy and curriculum choices in schools to improve the competitiveness of science and technology.

MBIE's policy designed to unlock the science and innovation potential of Māori knowledge, resources and people. See more information